Argumentative Essay First Amendment Junkie By Susan...

Amber Rogers Dr. Kim Loel Argumentative Analysis of the Essay â€Å"First Amendment Junkie† by Susan Jacoby What is a First Amendment Junkie? According to author Susan Jacoby, censorship of any form is wrong. From the beginning of Jacoby’s essay, â€Å"First Amendment Junkie,† it’s obvious where she stands on the topic. Jacoby states that the people who most support the censorship of pornography are women. These women are often self-proclaimed feminists who ironically support the First Amendment. While criticizing the production of pornography, these feminists attempt to argue that â€Å"mainstream† pornography is no different than child porn. However, they fail to realize the obvious error in this argument because this is simply not a first†¦show more content†¦If pornography is censored because it offends certain people, then what about religion, or even sexual orientation? Sure, gay marriage has recently been legalized, but there are some people in this country who find it just as offensive and obscene as some people find pornography. Are we as a country supposed to satisfy the sensibilities of one group of people (i.e.: self-proclaimed feminists, in this case) simply because something bothers them or are we right to allow the freedom of expression that pornography claims to be to keep in ordinance with the First Amendment? And what about fictional characters such as Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny which is offensive to the Christian community? Or those who protest being forced to say the Pledge of Allegiance in schools? Are these people considered less patriotic and should they too be stripped of their First Amendment rights? It’s impossible to censor all disagreeable sides because all that would be left is a bland â€Å"politically correct† society and that’s an unattainable goal because it’s not possible to please everyone. In the end, there will always be someone who disagrees with someone else about something and they will indeed use their First Amendment right to free speech to voice these grievances. As per her written essay, Jacoby is â€Å"First Amendment junkie,†

Case Study Developing And Running Business - 1373 Words

Avasant Introduction Developing and running business according to the demands of ever changing customer’s needs has become the criteria of being successful in this era. This era offers more dynamic and creative challenges than ever before. In response of meeting the new needs of the customers way of doing business has been changing rapidly. Small ventures and newly established start-ups have become a very good solution to the customers in fulfilling their demands. In London recently innumerable business developing consultancy firms have been developed and most of these firms are performing amazingly well. Avanade, a London based firm, has been working efficiently with a vision of being a leader in digital innovator. As an employee of this†¦show more content†¦1. Social Entrepreneurship: By Social Entrepreneurship we mean attracting growing volumes of aptitude, fame, money, and responsiveness. But along with its cumulative attractiveness has come less confidence regarding what accurately a social entrepreneur is and does. Consequently, all classes of actions are now being entitled as social entrepreneurship. Many claim that a rigorous comprehensive term is all for the good, but others might disagree that it’s high time for a more demanding definition and unambiguity. Dr. Mohammad Yunus is one of the most recognized social entrepreneur of this era. In fact he has played a very significant role in shaping and defining the term of social entrepreneurship. He has gained worldwide fame his microcredit and micro finance theory. 2. Serial Entrepreneurship: An entrepreneur who does not depend on only one or meager number of ideas rather initiate to shift his judgements in differentiated characteristics to secure earnings, then he is said to be a serial entrepreneur. As he is a serial entrepreneur, he often diversifies his ventures to gain optimum paybacks. Virgin Atlantic, Virgin Megastores, Virgin Records are most famous instances of his divergence. He frequently swings his properties from the less dynamic setting to a better province. Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson is considered to be the best specimen of serial entrepreneur. He established Virgin Group which wheels more than 400 companiesShow MoreRelatedInternational Trade Case Study1292 Words   |  6 PagesELECTRONIC BUSINESS (BEB3014) CHAPTER3: CASE STUDY CASE STUDY: Microsoft and the People’s Republic of China Software piracy has been a major challenge for software makers such as Microsoft that want to sell software in the global marketplace. Laws that protect intellectual property vary from country to country, and the laws in many countries provide little or no protection. 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Deaf Art Is More Than Just A Painting Or Drawing - 1715 Words

Deaf Art Deaf art is more than just a painting or drawing. So, what exactly is Deaf art? Deaf art is something that can bring together the Deaf Community. The feelings that the Deaf experience are now brought onto a canvas. Art plays a huge role in the Deaf community. After all, the Deaf are thought of as the best visual people. Deaf artists bring their Deaf pride and pour their hearts out into their art works. They are great role models to the people in their community. The first Deaf artists from America started in the 1760’s through the early 1800’s. Most of these artists painted portraits of American settlers in wanting to be recognized. There were no art museums or schools, so they taught themselves. These artists tried making their living by painting portraits for the wealthy people. Their artworks were not much different from the hearing world’s artwork at the time since there was not a â€Å"Deaf culture† that was developed yet. 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Renewable Energy The United States Gas - 892 Words

Today in the United States gas is at a record low on the national average being below $3 it seems like we are heading in the right direction, but looks can be deceiving. While the USA gas prices drop, other countries are fighting over our $120+ Billion average oil costs. Despite the consistent jump prices from being outrageously expensive to afford to fill up our tanks, we are still not focusing more on something that would save the American people billions a year. The solution is focusing less on finding oil that will eventually become scarce to switching to a more logical choice; which is renewable energy. While the US may be ahead compared to some countries, we are behind what we could be when it comes to renewable energy. With the United States only containing around 4% of the world population, our nation being on a go-go mindset we use over 25% of the total oil usage globally. Because we are so power hungry when it comes to more than politics, switching to transportation that uses less fuel using vehicles’ like hybrid cars, large city-to-city transportation systems similar to the D.C. Metro, and focusing on improving solar powered vehicles’ would be more eco-friendly and save money. Some cities that are smaller or are normally traffic heavy could invest in rentable bikes or green motor scooters, and multicity transport plans which can bring in revenue for smaller cities, and allow for those who can’t afford normal efficient travel, being able to do more than previouslyShow MoreRelatedA Energy Source For The State Of Florida1285 Words   |  6 Pagessuitable ene rgy source to meet the projected demands of the state of Florida for the next ten years. I recommend a hybrid plant that uses both solar energy and natural gas. I am certain that a hybrid plant is the most suitable energy source for the State of Florida for the next 10 years. 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Smoking Persuasive Essay Free Essays

A smoker with a pack of cigarettes is like a teenage girl with a cell phone. They both never leave anywhere without it. Smoking related diseases cause approximately 440, 000 American deaths each year. We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking Persuasive Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each day, three thousand children smoke their first cigarette. It is killing people and polluting the earth which doesn’t serve a positive purpose in any way. It is something that millions around the world have taken up and are unable to stop. Smoking is such a bad habit and does not benefit anyone but tobacco companies. It is a complete money scamming business yet people are aware but continue to buy them every day. Back then, smoking was considered to be cool, sexy, and healthy for you. When scientists discovered that it was the complete opposite of healthy and that it was actually killing you, a lot of people stopped. Tobacco companies were probably a little worried but lucky for them most people were already addicted. In 1970, President Nixon signed the law that placed warning labels on smokes and banned television advertisements. Banning smoking commercials doesn’t even really affect the cigarette companies that much. Most advertising these days is done by actual people smoking cigarettes and word of mouth. When people litter cigarette filters and packs it also acts as an advertisement. Tobacco companies don’t really have to do much advertising anymore. Not only does smoking affect humans but it also affects the environment. Cigarettes contain approximately 4000 chemicals. Those chemicals are being released into our air and being put on the ground. Cigarette buds that are being thrown onto the street are getting into our rivers and lakes and poisoning our water. When they are thrown onto grass and soil they poison our plants. Animals then eat the plants and we eat those animals. It is a cycle that is getting everyone sick. The production of cigarettes is also bad for the environment. Companies waste valuable soil to grow their tobacco. That soil could be used for growing crops or producing food for third world countries. These plants need to be sprayed by chemicals and pesticides in order to maintain a proper growth. It takes one tree to produce the packaging for three hundred cigarettes. Energy and water is also being used in the production of cigarettes which we need to save. Teenagers are now being exposed to smoking at an earlier age these days. It primarily begins at the age of 16 and most first time smoker’s start before their high school graduation. Children who have parents that smoke are more likely to take up the bad habit. Most teens that start smoking early will have a harder time quitting and will have more health issues than someone that begins smoking at the age of 21. More than 90% of smokers started when they were teenagers. As an ex smoker, I can agree that smoking can be addictive. I personally have never been addicted to it but I know that it also isn’t easy to stop. I believe that most people get addicted to it because they need something to inhale. Companies have tried to make nicotine inhalers but I personally don’t think that they would be as satisfying as having a cigarette. If there was a natural, legal, healthy herb that didn’t have chemicals, and were to have the same effects as cigarettes, I’m sure people would be smoking it. In conclusion, smoking is definitely not a habit that people should take up. The list of pros does not even come close to the cons when it comes to smoking. It is just a bad habit that a lot of people take up these days and can’t stop. It is killing humans and animals as well as the environment. Every time someone flicks the ash off their smoke it looks almost as if the cigarette is nodding its head up and down telling you that it’s ok to smoke. The tobacco industry is almost like a big hit man that is just murdering everyone. People that don’t even smoke are being killed because of it. It is a money making business that needs to be stopped before everyone suffers. How to cite Smoking Persuasive Essay, Essays

Smoking Persuasive Essay Free Essays

A smoker with a pack of cigarettes is like a teenage girl with a cell phone. They both never leave anywhere without it. Smoking related diseases cause approximately 440, 000 American deaths each year. We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking Persuasive Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each day, three thousand children smoke their first cigarette. It is killing people and polluting the earth which doesn’t serve a positive purpose in any way. It is something that millions around the world have taken up and are unable to stop. Smoking is such a bad habit and does not benefit anyone but tobacco companies. It is a complete money scamming business yet people are aware but continue to buy them every day. Back then, smoking was considered to be cool, sexy, and healthy for you. When scientists discovered that it was the complete opposite of healthy and that it was actually killing you, a lot of people stopped. Tobacco companies were probably a little worried but lucky for them most people were already addicted. In 1970, President Nixon signed the law that placed warning labels on smokes and banned television advertisements. Banning smoking commercials doesn’t even really affect the cigarette companies that much. Most advertising these days is done by actual people smoking cigarettes and word of mouth. When people litter cigarette filters and packs it also acts as an advertisement. Tobacco companies don’t really have to do much advertising anymore. Not only does smoking affect humans but it also affects the environment. Cigarettes contain approximately 4000 chemicals. Those chemicals are being released into our air and being put on the ground. Cigarette buds that are being thrown onto the street are getting into our rivers and lakes and poisoning our water. When they are thrown onto grass and soil they poison our plants. Animals then eat the plants and we eat those animals. It is a cycle that is getting everyone sick. The production of cigarettes is also bad for the environment. Companies waste valuable soil to grow their tobacco. That soil could be used for growing crops or producing food for third world countries. These plants need to be sprayed by chemicals and pesticides in order to maintain a proper growth. It takes one tree to produce the packaging for three hundred cigarettes. Energy and water is also being used in the production of cigarettes which we need to save. Teenagers are now being exposed to smoking at an earlier age these days. It primarily begins at the age of 16 and most first time smoker’s start before their high school graduation. Children who have parents that smoke are more likely to take up the bad habit. Most teens that start smoking early will have a harder time quitting and will have more health issues than someone that begins smoking at the age of 21. More than 90% of smokers started when they were teenagers. As an ex smoker, I can agree that smoking can be addictive. I personally have never been addicted to it but I know that it also isn’t easy to stop. I believe that most people get addicted to it because they need something to inhale. Companies have tried to make nicotine inhalers but I personally don’t think that they would be as satisfying as having a cigarette. If there was a natural, legal, healthy herb that didn’t have chemicals, and were to have the same effects as cigarettes, I’m sure people would be smoking it. In conclusion, smoking is definitely not a habit that people should take up. The list of pros does not even come close to the cons when it comes to smoking. It is just a bad habit that a lot of people take up these days and can’t stop. It is killing humans and animals as well as the environment. Every time someone flicks the ash off their smoke it looks almost as if the cigarette is nodding its head up and down telling you that it’s ok to smoke. The tobacco industry is almost like a big hit man that is just murdering everyone. People that don’t even smoke are being killed because of it. It is a money making business that needs to be stopped before everyone suffers. How to cite Smoking Persuasive Essay, Essays

Essay Organisational Behaviour

Question: Write an essay about the Organisational Behaviour. Answer: Introduction Organisational behaviour can be defined as the study of both individual behaviour and group behaviour in context to social and organisational level that helps in creating a great workplace where people are happy to work. Therefore organisational behaviour is related with the study of company and the workforce operating in them (Greenberg, Baron, 2008). It deals with study of individual human behaviour in the workplace environment, the interface between individual human behaviour and the company and interaction between team members. The four key concepts related with organisation behaviour are the organisation structure, organisation culture, leadership theory and motivation. This four concepts influence the three perspectives namely individual, social and organisational level to create a great workplace where people are happy to work (Greenberg, Baron, 2008). Individuals in organisations Organisation comprises of different individual who join together to achieve the organisational goal. Human behaviour is complex and it differs from one individual to another and the challenge of an organisation in the process of achieving goal is matching efficiently the task to done, the manager who assigns the task and the employees who execute the job (Robbins et al., 2013). The general process in the workplace is manager analyze the task and decide the manpower requirement based on skill required and the team assembled needs to complement the skills of each other. It leads to creating a competent team that can work without conflict creating a great workplace where people are happy to work. In the practical situation the manager needs to use the available resources in the company to execute the task at hand (Robbins et al., 2013). In this process the manager needs to possess the insight to evaluate the differences in the behaviour of individual at the workplace and indulge them ju diciously to enhance the synergy and achieve the goal. The various factors that influence individual behaviour in organisation include Abilities Ability can be defined as natural or learnt quality in a person. It can be divided into mental ability and physical ability and various task in the workplace need various level of the ability. Mental abilities signify the intellects, deductive reasoning, analytical and verbal comprehension, and memory (Ivancevich, Matteson, 2011). Physical abilities signify stamina, muscular strength, body coordination and motor skills. An individuals self awareness with regard to own abilities decide his reaction towards the task while the perception of manager with regards the abilities of employee decides the task assignment to the employee (Ivancevich, Matteson, 2011). Gender The research state there is no difference between men and women with respect to mental abilities and job performances while the society state difference between the two (Bock et al., 2005). However in context to factor of absenteeism there is a marked difference as women are primary caretaker in the home. Race When workplace and society exhibit significant diversity then race and culture play a role in influencing and stereotyping and attributing behaviour related with race and culture are general mistakes that impact individual behaviour (Bock et al., 2005). Perception Perception is guided by sensory stimuli and people develop different perception about similar situation and leads to conflict in the workplace. It needs to be understood by manager with respect to individual behaviour (Adler, Gundersen, 2007). Attribution Attribution is the process whereby manager observes behaviour and decide it cause with reference to the personality and situation of an individual .It uses consensus, distinctiveness and consistency (Adler, Gundersen, 2007). Attitude It signify the learnt response of an individual and his total cognitive experience for a course of time. It influences the behaviour of individual in the workplace. Personality It is stable psychological attribute that makes one individual differ from the other and it develops in a person over a period of time (Adler, Gundersen, 2007). Work group (Social) in organisation The social perspective in the workplace in related with work group in the organisation. In the organisation most of the work done is team work and the manager identify a team based on the skill and knowledge and job requirement. Work group or work team exist in the workplace in diversity of types and size, it exhibit different context, function, department, internal processes of the company and external linkages to the environment (Podsakoff et al., 2009). Work groups are Can be association of two or more individuals in the workplace. Are present to deliver tasks relevant to the organisation. Can have one or more shared goals. Indulge in social interaction in the workplace (Podsakoff et al., 2009). Tend to show interdependence related with task in terms of goals, workflow and result. Responsible for managing and maintaining boundaries. Are an integral part of the organisational context and set limit, control the team and interact with other groups in the larger entity. The work group in the workplace exhibit defining characteristics and they are interaction with members in the group and work group leader, goals to be achieved by the group, interdependence on the member for achieving the goal, structure defining the roles and responsibility of member and unity (Podsakoff et al., 2009). The organisation structure, organisational culture, leadership and motivation play crucial role in the behaviour, work culture, performance and achieving the goal set for the work group in the workplace. A well managed work group create a great workplace where people are happy to work. Organisational behaviour The organisational behaviour can be defined as the sum total of individual behaviour and group behaviour and how they interact and react in the workplace in the process of achieving the organisational goal (Bakker, Schaufeli, 2008). Organizational behaviour is area of study that examines the influence exhibited by individual employees, manager, groups and structure and its implication on behavioural aspect within the workplace with the objective of implementing such information to enhance the performance of the organisation. What is organizational behaviour? Organisations are defined as social systems and it is a combination of diverse resources like human resources, physical resources, financial resources and technological resources. Organisational behaviour (OB) is the process of understanding and applying the knowledge and skill of people to use the other resources and create value for the shareholders (Bakker, Schaufeli, 2008). It deals with human resources with the aim for creating benefit for human. The nature of organisation in the modern time is influenced by a complex set of forces and they people, structure, technology and environment. When people are recruited by the company to achieve the defined goals and objectives, it demands proper structure and culture (Robbins et al., 2013). They use the tools, machinery, gadgets and technology to perform in work groups and achieve the organizational goals. This entire process in influenced by the external environment. The nature of organisational behaviour is exhibited in the below dia gram. Models of organisational behaviour There are five models of organizational behaviour and they are autocratic model, custodial model, supportive model, collegial model and system model. The rationale behind the OB Model is the power and managerial orientation of the manger in the workplace (Robbins et al., 2013). Autocratic model In an autocratic model the manager entrusted with the management of the employees have formal authority and controlling power and takes all the decision (Ivancevich, Matteson, 2011). It is based on rationale that managers are expertise and employees are people needing direction and guide. Custodial model The model work with the objective of taking care of the economic security of employees in the workplace by providing fair wages and benefits and it will help to motivate the employees and make him loyal to the company (Ivancevich, Matteson, 2011). Supportive model This model is inspired by the aspiring leadership unlike other two model discussed above. It promotes the concept of manager employee relationship and how manager motivate the employees in the daily task (Robbins et al., 2013). Collegial model This model promotes the concept of team work where all employees works as colleagues as implied by the name of the model. The manager creates positive work culture where all employees participate actively (Robbins et al., 2013). System model This is the most contemporary model and promotes the concept of overall structure and team environment in the workplace based on the fact that every employee is different from other employee in terms of potential, talent, skill and ability (Lambert, Hogan, Jiang, 2010). Organisational structure An organisational structure can be defined as the process of allocating the task to employees and supervising and directing them to achieve the organisational goal. It exhibits the hierarchy in the organisation where the roles and responsibility of people are defined and the lines of authority, delegation, communication and control process is explained (Lambert, Hogan, Jiang, 2010). The common organisational structure practiced by company is hierarchical or tall structure, horizontal structure and matrix structure and they explained in detail (Abdullah, Ahmad, 2009). Hierarchical or tall structure This is an organizational structure where the company is organised in hierarchy structure and the top of the hierarchy signify higher authority and it decreases as it comes down. The major benefit of hierarchy structure is it has well defined roles and responsibility (Pleshko, 2007). The decision are made instantly at the top of the hierarchy but the communication process is slow as it needs to cross several layer. This sis more applicable in the traditional organisation indulged in manufacturing business. Horizontal or flat structure This is an organizational structure where the company has few layer in the hierarchy making the organisational structure flat. In this type of organizational structure the process of decision making needs to consider different group within a particular layer (Pleshko, 2007). The main advantage of flat structure is communication is fast and more effective as there are few layers. It is more popular in the skilled sectors like IT industry. Matrix structure This is the most contemporary structure and it is based on fact that business use diverse human resource with a range of skills and they are sourced from different parts of function of the company (Boyle, 2007). The most common function include operation, production, human resource, finance, marketing and sales and they are classified into different teams to achieve the goals of the organisation. The major advantage of matrix structure is that it promotes specialization that is based on enhanced depth of knowledge and provides for selection of employees based on the need of the project (Boyle, 2007). The major disadvantage of matrix structure is related with chain of command that is increased due to different functional and project manager. The organisation in the process of deciding the organisational structure needs to evaluate the operational efficiency of the chosen organisational structure (Abdullah, Ahmad, 2009). It should also explore the human resource of the company in the best possible manner so that it helps to create a great workplace where people are happy to work. Organizational culture Organization culture is the second key concept that plays significant part in the organizational behaviour. It is system of shared belief and value, and it governs the employee behaviour in the workplace. These shared value practiced by the employees have strong impact on the work culture, dress code and behavioural norms (Mosley, 2007). Organisational culture is related with the way employee interacts with other employee in workplace and outside and it differentiate one organization from other. Organizational culture can help the organization strategy or it can hinder. There are various culture defined by researcher in the field of organizational culture and the organizational culture examined in this essay is one that has link with the organisational structure and it explains four types of culture (Mosley, 2007). Power culture According to this organizational culture the power and authority is managed by small groups or central senior authority and the control is represented by centre as depicted in the web. The advantage of power culture it helps in fast decision making process and it needs few rules and bureaucracy in the organisation structure (Bititci et al., 2006). Role culture This is an organizational culture where the delegation of authority and power is guided by the highly defined structure. The organisation practicing role culture is related with hierarchical bureaucracies and in this the power is derived from the personal level compared to expertise. Control is guided by strict procedures, authority and roles (Bititci et al., 2006). The Organization using this culture depicts consistency in system. It is practiced by functional department. Task culture This is a culture where company forms a team to execute a particular task. In this culture power is related with team having the expertise to deliver the task. It use small team and focus highly skilled job. It is generally lined with matrix structure (Milne, 2007). Person culture This is the culture where all employees consider themselves superiors to the company and it lead to operational issue. It is based on fact that organization work as a group with common goal. It is effective where each individual bring some expertise (Milne, 2007). Motivation Motivation is a psychological aspect for achieving the desired goals and objectives that directs the behaviour, control and elicits the individual. Ii is basically a driving force for the cause of an action to achieve that goal. So, this could be inferred that it increases the productivity and performance by performing at a higher level. Motivation is encouraging the individual to work effectively by driving the person towards the goal (Long, 2005). It is based on two sources: Extrinsic Motivation It is an external reward of the outcome of the performance in terms of promotion, fringe benefits, security, work environment etc. It is both psychological i.e. praise and tangible i.e. money in nature. It can be hike in salary, incentives, promotion, gifts and other kinds of tangible rewards. From different considerations taking place pay is a crucial factor that can motivate or de-motivate an employee. Intrinsic Motivation This is an internal pleasure that provides satisfaction from inside after completing the work by engaging the employees by rewarding them personally (Thomas, 2005). It is choosing of specific activity that provides satisfaction by making the employees feel happy in their work. It is an act of self that includes: Empowerment Recognition Relationship Trust Relationship between Motivation and Organization Behaviour Motivation is a part of OB for increasing the performance by motivating them in a positive manner by making them engaged (Yaney, 2008). The various theories used in this concept are: Equity Theory This theory was framed by John Adams that sated that motivation is used for testing the fairness present in work is not on the basis of rewards they get from its output but, in relative to what other are being offered (Tracy, 2013). In this negative equity could play a part in case the employee is getting less paid for the same work the other person is getting paid more. Hence, the organizations should keep in mind that to treat the employee equally by having positive equity with the triggers used in outcomes. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Theory This theory was propounded by Abraham Maslow that is based on five levels of hierarchies of needs and they are discussed below: Psychological Needs satisfying the basic requirements such as shelter, water and food Safety Needs i.e. security in both workplace and home Social Needs is the forming of relationships with groups, having acceptance and need for love Esteem needs is used for recognition, self-respect and acknowledgement Self Actualization Needs is developing oneself to the fullest by ensuring by meeting the potential (Taormina Gao, 2013) In organization a employee is passing the various stages by developing the needs as per the level for example: an employee who has attain the level of acknowledgement and recognition would not be motivated by rewards but, needs career opportunities and growth to be motivated. Herzberg Motivation Theory This theory focuses on two factors hygiene and motivators as if hygiene factors are presents it would not be felt but, in its absence it de-motivates the employee such as working conditions, relationship with co-workers, pay, company policies etc. The latter is motivating the employees to work like praise, roles and responsibility, the job itself etc (Sachau, 2007). This states that while working in workplace some factors causes satisfaction and dissatisfaction it is important to have effective policies for effective administration. Thus, motivation makes the employee happy by making them satisfied with job and other contents by making it a great place to work. Leadership Leadership plays an important role in promoting effective organizational behaviour in the workplace and creating a workplace where people are happy to work. Leadership is quality of manager to lead and guide the employees in the workplace (Schein, 2010). There are various style of leadership practiced by different company and they are autocratic style of leadership, participative style of leadership and laissez faire style of leadership. Autocratic style of leadership This is style of leadership where the manager assigns the task and closely monitors the performance of the team. The decision making is with the manager and employees are not involved in the process (Schein, 2010). It leads to fast decision but employees can feel left out and it result in lack of motivation. Participative style of leadership This is style of leadership where the manager promoted participative management and involves the employees in the decision making process. It leads to high motivation but can delay the decision making process (Kouzes, Posner, 2006). Laissez faire style of leadership This is style of leadership where the manager promotes free rein concept and allows the employees to take decision process and solve the problems. Conclusion The company can create a workplace where people are happy to work by understanding the individual, social and organization perspective related the company (Kouzes, Posner, 2006). It can further sustained by proper organizational structure, culture, motivation and leadership. References Abdullah, H. S., Ahmad, J. (2009). The fit between organisational structure, management orientation, knowledge orientation, and the values of ISO 9000 standard: A conceptual analysis. International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, 26(8), 744-760. Adler, N. J., Gundersen, A. (2007). International dimensions of organizational behavior. Cengage Learning. Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 147-154. Bititci, U. S., Mendibil, K., Nudurupati, S., Garengo, P., Turner, T. (2006). Dynamics of performance measurement and organisational culture. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 26(12), 1325-1350. Bock, G. W., Zmud, R. W., Kim, Y. G., Lee, J. N. (2005). Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: Examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate. MIS quarterly, 87-111. Boyle, S. (2007). Impact of changes in organisational structure on selected key performance indicators for cultural organisations. International journal of cultural policy, 13(3), 319-334. Greenberg, J., Baron, R. A. (2008). Behavior in organizations. Huczynski, A., Buchanan, D. A. (2009). Organizational behaviour. Financial Times Prentice Hall. Ivancevich, J. M. K., Matteson, R. (2011). Organizational behavior and management (No. 658.4 I9). Kouzes, J. M., Posner, B. Z. (2006). The leadership challenge (Vol. 3). John Wiley Sons. Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., Jiang, S. (2010). A preliminary examination of the relationship between organisational structure and emotional burnout among correctional staff. The Howard journal of Criminal justice, 49(2), 125-146. Long, R. (2005). Motivation. London: David Fulton Publishers. Milne, P. (2007). Motivation, incentives and organisational culture. Journal of knowledge management, 11(6), 28-38. Mosley, R. W. (2007). Customer experience, organisational culture and the employer brand. Journal of Brand Management, 15(2), 123-134. Pleshko, L. P. (2007). Strategic orientation, organisational structure, and the associated effects on performance. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 12(1), 53-64. Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual-and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 122. Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., Boyle, M. (2013). Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU.

Foucault free essay sample

What are the fundamental differences between sovereign power and disciplinary power according to Foucault? What are the major characteristics of disciplinary power? Why is it a more efficient form of power? Sovereign power is a type of power in which is traced back before the classical age, signifies the centrality of power. In this period, power was exercised through monarch it is the ruler who decided to the life and death of his populace. Thus any threat challenging the Kings authority was punished harshly from his Jurisdiction. On the other hand, disciplinary power is different from sovereign power in many respects. With the introduction of enlightenment and modern institutions disciplinary power focuses its punishment to soul instead of human body itself. This paper explains the differences between sovereign power and disciplinary power according to Foucault thereafter clarify the characteristics of disciplinary power and finally investigates why is it more efficient form of power. Primary aim of sovereign power was creating a fear and discouragement among citizens. In sovereign power, punishment of body was utmost important. Violent punishments occurred in front of an audience to prevent individuals from challenging the kings authority. As it seen sovereign power is public and concentrates on punishment of body instead of soul while disciplinary power is more private, passive, calculated explicitly individualistic form of power and focusing on punishment of soul. Therefore sovereign power was centralized and king hold the power to control of his masses and also there was no room for individualization. As ime goes on power is decentralized into institutions where knowledge gains importance. Knowledge created through the human sciences can answer as a normative standard in which individuals observe their own behaviors and evaluate themselves according to these norms. Disciplinary power is productive contrast to repressive old form of power and created knowledge about the individual. In sovereign power if king wanted to take away property, tax his people or take lives, he would free to exercise it therefore sovereign power is negative and reductive type of power. Disciplinary power is constant and all pervasive, it is continuous and omnipresent one cannot see the real power itself but effects of power was perceived. Yet, sovereign power is periodic and discontinuous, it occasionally occurs to correct opposing group. Century later, punishment methods evolved and become more corrective and less violent in nature. As human science gains significance institutions such as hospitals, prisons, educational system started to implement disciplinary power to individuals. Psychology, psychiatry, sociology become more crucial than laws. These networks of power exercises power over individuals by disciplining the body. Object of punishment replaced by instrument of punishment. Disciplinary power makes docile bodies in nature by putting control over body. Moreover, sophistication of control increased and also coercion of body becomes constant. There are three main characteristics ot disciplinary power these are hierarchical observation, normalization of Judgment and examination. In hierarchical organization structural design and organization of individuals are of utmost importance. In hierarchical bservation individuals are visible and also supervision is in a continuous action. In hierarchical observation information and intelligence about people is gathered by means of supervision and vigilance. Hierarchical observation and vigilance is used as tools for monitoring the correct functioning of the organization and by using them disciplinary powers organize punishments and can correct individuals to abide by the norms. Disciplinary power can be evidenced in institutions such as factories, schools and prisons where individuals are dispersed throughout a space and are egulated to fit the norms of the institution through surveillance, classification and continuous registration. Under the influence and control of disciplinary power and its strive to shape individuals lives, the individual and his actions can be defined as the function of this power in other words individuals self is regulated and adjusted and the outcome of his actions and expression is the result of this power. Normalizing judgment sets a standard norm that individuals within that institution must adhere to or achieve and those who are unable or inadequate to reach that level are unished. To which extent the individuals conform to the standards of normality or deviate from it is assessed by the professionals such as doctors, psychiatrists and educationalists. Another method of maintaining disciplinary power is examination. In examination individual is investigated, looked at and written about. This process makes it possible to classify and punish the subjects and analyze them in an individual basis namely it makes each individual become visible in the eyes of the power holder. This visibility of individuals is a vital element in maintaining the iscipline and in the formation of self-discipline. This visibility of individuals is a vital element in maintaining the discipline and in the formation of self-discipline which can be evidenced or observed in the panopticon architecture. This architectural design creates and sustain a power relation that relies on mental uncertainty. The power holders are invisible and the objects of information that is the individuals who are to be regulated know that they are being observed and behave accordingly. The factors that make disciplinary power effective are numerous. One of the most important factors contributing to its effectiveness is its inclusionary and pervasive nature. Everyone experiences this power in institutions and everyone is caught in it. Secondly rather than being discrete like sovereign power, it is continuous through observation, intelligence and vigilance. It is also productive considering its strive for maintaining economic and political gains of the state.